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Boolean Operators Chart


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Operator Example(s) Explanation

word

  • Plural matching is automatic
  • Case insensitive
copyright
Returns all documents containing that word. Note that plural words are matched with singular words automatically (and vice versa). So searching for "contract" includes searching for "contracts" and "stragey" is considered the same as "strategies". Words and phrases are case insensitive. So "bob" is the same as "Bob" or "BOB".

phrase

  • No need to use quotes -- phrase is automatic
  • Use double quotes if phrase includes an operator or special word (see explanation at right)
moral rights
Returns all documents containing that phrase. Note that quotes are not necessary, but if included, causes any search operators to be treated as regular words. For example "crime and punishment" (with the quotes) searches for that exact phrase. Without quotes the search will be for all documents with crime that also contain the word punishment (the two words not necessarily appearing next to each other).

AND

  • Document must have both words (or both phrases)
  • Can be written "AND" or "and"
  • Synonyms: &, &&, +
copyright AND moral rights
Returns all documents that contain both the first term and the second term. A "term" can be a single word or complete phrase (no quotes are necessary around a phrase). Only works when your search is set to Boolean Mode.

OR

  • Document can have either word (or either phrase)
  • Can be written "OR" or "or"
  • Synonyms: |, ||, comma
treaties OR conventions
Returns all documents that contain either the first term or the second term or both. A "term" can be a single word or complete phrase. Only works when your search is set to Boolean Mode. Most useful when searching for synonyms of words.

NOT

  • Document must have first term. Must not have second
  • Can be written "NOT" or "not"
love NOT war
Finds documents that contain the first word, but do not contain the second. Occassionally useful to exclude irrelevant documents that contain unique words or titles. Only works in Boolean Mode. You can also use "and not", for example "love and not war" (without the quotes of course).

NEAR

  • Synonym for w/50 (see below)
  • Words or phrases must be within 50 words of each other
  • Order of terms not important
mabo NEAR queensland
Returns all documents where the first term appears nearby the second term. "Near" corresponds to 50 words, which is intended to be roughly the size of a paragraph. If two words are close together, then the chance of them being related is increased. Only works when your search is set to Boolean Mode. Useful when searching for references to case names.

W/n

  • Can use any number after slash (1 to 1000)
  • Order of terms not important (ie "a w/5 b" same as "b w/5 a")
mabo w/5 queensland
Returns all documents where the first term appears within n words of the second term, where n is a number you specify. So you could use "mabo w/10 queensland", "mabo w/50 queensland" (same as using near) or "mabo w/100 queensland". If two words are clsoe together, then the chance of them being related is increased. Only works when your search is set to Boolean Mode. Useful when searching for references to case names.

PRE/n

  • Can use any number after slash (1 to 1000)
  • Order of terms important (ie "a pre/5 b" is different to "b pre/5 a")
sentencing pre/5 statistics
Returns all documents where the first term precedes the second term by no more than n words, where N is a number you specify. This means that the first term must come before the second term in the document, separated by no more than n words. Examples might be "sentencing pre/10 statistics", "sentencing pre/50 statistics" or "sentencing pre/100 statistics". Only works in Boolean Mode.

/n/

  • Same as W/n operator (above)
  • Emulated STATUS operator
smith/10/brown
Finds documents where words and phrases appear within n words of each other (as in the old STATUS system), where n is a number you specify. Similar in function to W/n (see above).

/m,n/

  • Finer control than W/n (above)
  • Emulated STATUS operator
smith/-10,10/brown
smith/1,10/brown
Finds documents where words and phrases appear somewhere within m to n words of each other. You can use a negative value for m to mean "this many words before the second" and a positive value to mean "this many words after the second".

#DATE

#date = X
#date < X
#date > X
#date >< X

( services near tax ) and #date > 23 June 1999

Returns only those documents whose date matches the criteria. The "=" sign means "the same as", "<" means "before", ">" means "after" and "><" means "is not the same as". Change X to any sensible (English style) date (eg "27 Oct 1998"). Use four digit years. Note that consolidated acts are "dated" from 1 Jan of the year in their title.

TITLE( ... )

  • Limit search to title of document
  • Also limits to case names
title(westpac)
westpac@title
Limits the search to document titles only. The example will find all those files with the word "westpac" in the title. AustLII plans to roll out additional named sections as data feeds improve. This only works in Boolean mode, and can be combined with other operators. The text inside the title can contain other operators as well. This is a valid search: "title(westpac OR suncorp) AND title(australian taxation office OR ATO)".

punctuation

  • Replace all punctuation with a space in searches
  • Only use double quotes for phrases that contain operators
[ ] { } ^ + - ,
See Full SINO Documentation for information on the special meaning of many symbols. As a general rule, omit all punctuation in your searches by replacing them with spaces, since some characters have a special meaning that could yield unpredictable results.

Precedence

Default precedence rules:
  • word
  • ( terms ) phrase
  • w/n pre/n w/seg /n/ /m,n/ @ name ( terms )
  • or & &&
  • and not ^ || | , ;
( cime and punishment ) or jail
Normally, searches are evaluated left to right. There is a default precedence order (see SINO Precedence), but it is a good idea to force parts of your search to be evaluated first using round brackets. Note that the following searches are all different: "journalist AND defamation OR publish", "journalist AND (defamation OR publish)" and "(journalist AND defamation) OR publish".


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